Effects Of Kyoto Protocol Economics Essay

Effects Of Kyoto Protocol Economics Essay the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change is the apex body, under whose supervision Kyoto protocol was developed. It is an agreement between many countries, which signed it and committed for reduction in green house gas. The process started with negotiations between many countries in the early December of 1997 in  Kyoto, Japan and with Russias ratification, it came in to force on the 16th February of 2005. The delay was because of Kyoto required at least 55 parties to ratify it and the total of those counties emissions to be at least 55% of global greenhouse gas emission. Some of the highlights of the Kyoto protocol are: A total of 191 states have signed and ratified  the protocol as on September 2011 The United States of America has signed the protocol but has not ratified it. Developed countries have binding target on emission reduction. Developing countries do not have binding target for emission targets. The protocol allows the member counties of emissions trading to meet their target. Economic Impacts of the  Protocol One of the key issues with the Protocol is its economic impact on member nations. Some critics emphasize that Developed nations are the one who will be affected negatively most. One of the major speculations is that developed nations who have ratified the treaty, will have to invest more in newer technologies and procedures to reduce their emissions. It is also more obvious that developed countries need to incur more cost in enforcing stricter emission norms. There is also possibility of an increase in the consumer price index because the companies will pass one the extra cost incurred in clean mechanism technology to consumer. As the base year for fixing target is 1990, the countries, which have developed most after 1990, will suffer most and the countries that have slump after 1990 are at advantage. This effect can be evident on the fact that US has not ratified the treaty as it has grown considerably after 1990 and if it ratifies the treaty then it has to cut almost 30% emission costing around $100 per ton The European union at large is at advantage because there was slump in western Europe and Russia after 1990. It is evident from the fact that it needs only $5 per ton for emission reduction target to be met. The provisions of emission trading provided the developing countries a way to cash in on their reduced emission credits. Kyoto Protocol in the context of India A Macroeconomic Overview The impact of kyoto protocol may be direct in case of developed countries but has it has indirect impact on developing countries The protocol does not make it binding on the developing countries to reduce their emission and it does not provide any reduction targets for them till. India coming under the scope of developing country has been affected by the indirect impact. The protocol has played a significant role in the reshaping overall Indian economy. The protocol has its effect on many macroeconomic parameters of India. If we take in to account the GDP of India, some of the major factors linked to kyoto protocol that have affected the GDP of India are Investment Impact Trade Impact Flexibility Mechanisms Impact Emissions Trading Joint Implementation Clean Development Mechanism Fig-1 (Factors affecting the GDP of India in the context of Kyoto Protocol) We will be limiting our discussion to the impact of 2 major factors arising out of kyoto protocol that is investment and trade on the Indian GDP. Investment Trade Impact on GDP Fig-2 (Investment Impact and GDP of India) The Investment impact can be summarised by the chart below. Kyoto protocol induces emission restrictions on the developed nations. The manufacturing industry especially the emission insensitive industries in the developed nations are the worst sufferers. Because of this restriction, these industries need to invest more capital in technology and other aspect to reduce the emission. This in turn increases the cost of production, which makes the ROI low. The low ROI (return on investment) in these developed nations makes the investment to shift to developing countries, which affects the GDP to rise. India as an important developing country has benefited from this effect. SL NO YEAR FDI-US$ (MILLION) EXPORTS IN CRORES GDP US$(BILLION) 1 2000-01 2,463 278126 492.4 2 2001-02 4,065 290757 522.8 3 2002-03 2,705 355556 617.6 4 2003-04 2,188 417425 721.6 5 2004-05 3,219 569051 834.2 6 2005-06 5,540 712087 949.1 7 2006-07 12,492 904872 1238.7 8 2007-08 24,575 1018907 1224.1 9 2008-09 31,396 1328765 1361.1 10 2009-10 25,834 1300034 1684.3 11 2010-11 19,427 1747500 1848.0 12 2011-12 26,192 Table: 1- (DIPPS Financial Year-Wise FDI Equity Inflows GDP date from World bank) With a close look at the Table -1 we can see that from the year 2005 onwards there was a sudden increase in the foreign direct investment. In the year 2005, it stood at $3129 million and from the year 2006 onwards, there was high growth in the foreign direct investment on an yoy basis. The FDI reached a peak in the year 2009 at $31396 million. The decrease in the FDI in 2011 was due to other economic factors. One of the major factors affecting the increase in FDI was kyoto protocol. As the FDI started to increase from the year 2005 onwards the GDP of india also saw a tremendous growth, it increased from $834.2 billion in the year 2005 to $1848 billion in the year 2011. Fig-3 (Trade Impact and GDP of India) As can be seen in the Fig-3 the other major impact was the trade impact, when the cost production has increased in developing countries, the import of goods from developing countries becomes less competitive. This in contrast increases the competitiveness of the exporter in the developing countries. When the export form developing countries increase, giving appositive push to the trade it creates a demand surge. Because of this, increases in demand of good, producers of goods increase the production. Moreover, increase in the production of goods increase the GDP. This can be also deduced from the Table-1, where it is evident that from 2005 onwards there was a stiff increase in the Indian export from 712087 crores to 1747500 crores in 2011. As the Export has increased this gave rise to an increase in the demand, which in turn made the supply to increase. With an increase in the supply, the GDP of India has rose from $834.2 billion in 2005 to $ 1848.0 billion in the year 2011. Conclusion Despite having no emission targets under the kyoto protocol India will benefit from the emission reduction compulsion of developed nations. The effect is because of trade and investment linkage with the Developed nations. India has immensely benefited from this due to a surge in its exports and increase in the FDI. The cumulative effect of these two factors has been positive on the GDP of india, which rose steeply from 2005 onwards. India played and major role in the extension of the kyoto after Jan 1 2013, before the new commitment period comes in to effect from 2020. Although the new extended kyoto does not impose any binding emission reduction targets on india, it has decided to reduce the emission intensity by 20 to 25% of the 2005 level within the year 2020.

Improving Russia And Russian People Lives History Essay

The period 1853-153 was a clip of dramatic alteration in Russia ; it started the period as a traditional Autocracy with Tsar Alexander germinating into a absolutism under the regulation of Stalin. John Clare argues that the period of 1917-1921 was the most important period of bettering the political, societal, foreign personal businesss and economic stance of Russia as a state every bit good as the Russian people ‘s lives as he says that the imperium is ‘vast ‘[ 1 ]and depict the old authorities ‘ineffectual ‘[ 2 ]. To some extent this period was the biggest for alteration but non needfully the most for betterment. Whereas a alteration brought approximately within the period 1917-1921 may hold been good under Lenin ‘s regulation for the people it may non hold had a positive impact on Russia as a state. On the other manus Stalin ‘s extremist Five Year Plans pushed the Russian people to their bound ; it institutionalised Russia along with the o ther European states. The discontent of the people was besides a major issue for the people populating in Russia. The political stance of the state is of major importance in prolonging a stable authorities. In the old ages 1917-1921 the political stance changed in Russia well as in 1917 the first probationary authorities was established which was a immense bend in events that came as a consequence of the depletion of the parlements as they where exiled in 1917 after the blackwash of Nicholas III. Graham Darby argues that ‘the move from the monarchy was a representation of Russia ‘s ruin as a state in the eyes of the remainder of the universe ‘[ 3 ]. This suggests that the remotion of the monarchy was had a negative impact on the state hereby demoing that the old ages 1917-1921 were non the most important in bettering the lives of the Russian people because in the short term the Russian people believed that the move from autarchy would be a positive measure as they ab initio introduced many reforms such as freedom of imperativeness, address and no favoritism due to nationality o r faith and the abolishment of the decease punishment. This improved the lives of the Russian people as it gave them more freedom and a less rough judicial system. However, in the long term this was non a positive move for Russia as a state as it meant that Russia was giving up a batch of it ‘s control to the people through these reforms as Graham Darby argues that ‘it was non reasonable for the authorities to strip itself of coercive power in a clime of turning noncompliance ‘[ 4 ]. This shows how in the long term the move from off from the monarchy was non important in footings of betterment because it proved soberly unpopular and resistance rose dramatically in 1917 and the life of the probationary authorities was short lived. On the other manus, Andy Holland argues that the ruin of the probationary authorities was down to that ‘it could non mask the fact that it was unelected, unrepresentative and basically the old guard in camouflage ‘[ 5 ]. This suggests that the debut of the probationary authorities was non important in bettering Russia and the lives of the Russian people as it was non really a measure frontward, it was simply a bossy authorities feigning to be a extremist new way. Graham Drby argues the probationary authorities ‘was shortly to give up this support by neglecting to work out the states jobs ‘[ 6 ]. Meaning that in the long term the debut of the probationary authorities was non important in bettering the lives of the Russian people as it grew progressively unpopular as the people where able to take control of Russia through ‘a complex web of regional metropolis and suburban Sovietss ‘[ 7 ]that ‘were elected to stand for workers and in some countr ies soldiers and provincials ‘[ 8 ]is was shortly evident that ‘the probationary authorities was no longer in control ‘[ 9 ]proposing that a revolution was inevitable. Furthermore, by presenting the probationary authorities lead by Kerensky was important because there was increasing force per unit area from the Russian people due to the illustration of other states being under a more democratic regulation. This was shown in the 1917 revolution when monolithic work stoppages and presentations took topographic point throughout the capital when Nicholas was sing military personnels on the front line. James White argues that ‘popular discontent would climax in a revolution that would brush away the bing order ‘[ 10 ]this suggests that revolution was of considerable menace to the monarchy. Some historiographers argue the manner Nicholas handled the event was the most important because he failed to take the advice of his advisers and I his ‘arrogance ‘[ 11 ]failed to gain the tremendous menace the revolution imposed. The significance in the debut of the probationary authorities was one of the first stairss in accomplishing a more democratic state. This improved the lives of the Russian people in the short term due to the addition in the Russian people ‘s freedom. However in the long-run this was non the instance because the probationary authoritiess regulation was short lived due to its unpopularity Furthermore, Alternatively of stoping Russia ‘s engagement in World War I, the new authorities launched a fresh offense against the German and Austro-Hungarian ground forcess in July 1917, thereby weakening its popularity among Russia ‘s war-weary people. Some historiographers argue this was the probationary authorities ‘s biggest ruin as Andy Holland argues that it highlighted ‘how small authorization the Duma had ‘[ 12 ]. By concentrating on Russia ‘s foreign policy as many of the Russian people where discontented over the war and did non desire any more engagement. This was due to the immense impact the war had already had on Russia because it had crippled Russia financially and left the province of Russia insecure in the populaces eyes as it had lost considerable land and the people where populating in famine and complete poorness due to holding to provide nutrient for the military personnels contending the war. On the other manus other histori ographers argued that the authorities was ‘strongly committed to the war ‘[ 13 ]as there was a ‘strong loyal divide among the center and upper category ‘[ 14 ], they besides wanted to consolidate their relationship with Britain and France. In add-on they were conserved that ‘defeat ‘[ 15 ]would take to ‘the prostration of the imperium ‘[ 16 ]Russia was besides hindered by the overpowering decease rate the war imposed. This shows how the period of 1917-21 was non the most important in bettering the lives of the Russian people because in the short term because Russia lost '32 per cent of its cultivable land, 26 per cent of its railroad systems and 33 per cent of its mills, 75 per centum of its coal Fe ore mines and about 60 million citizens ‘[ 17 ]. Ultimately some historiographers argue that it was linins finding to suspire the pact of Brest lidos in March 1918 that lead to the out interruption of the civil war between reds and Wh ites. In comparing to the period 1917-1921, Russell Sherman and Robert Pearce would reason that the 'emancipation of the helot ‘[ 18 ]had a really assorted reaction and appeared to be better for the provincials than it really was because they proclaim ‘there was small rejoicing ‘[ 19 ]non merely in the short term but in the long term as the provincials did n't ‘grow much fonder of the footings of the edict as clip passed ‘[ 20 ]. In add-on Russell Sherman besides argues that ‘the landlords were far from content ‘[ 21 ]. This suggests that in both the long and short term the emancipation of the helot left a batch to be desired for as it failed to delight any sectors of the Russian population, peculiarly Polish landlord in western states as they were thought to be ‘a thorn in Russia ‘s side with their demands for independency ‘[ 22 ]. However this was besides a motion that was brought on by the provincials as Graham derby argues tha t ‘Alexander II warned the aristocracy in 1856 that it would be better if emancipation came from above instead than below ‘[ 23 ]. This was an of import measure in bettering the lives of the Russian people in the long term as it gave the Russian people a sense of freedom as it ‘removed the helot from the control of the aristocracy ‘[ 24 ]and ownership over their ain land. On the other manus in the short term this was non an betterment for the Russian people was there was a ‘false sense of freedom ‘[ 25 ]which resulted in ‘breeding disdain ‘[ 26 ]. This was because although the provincials where given land, it resulted in the provincials holding ‘less land than they had to cultivate before ‘[ 27 ]ensuing in an increased rate of dearth and malnutrition. It besides caused ‘resentment ‘[ 28 ]amongst the Nobles as they lost ‘one tierce of their land ‘[ 29 ]. The Emancipation of the helot was a consequence of the Crimean war as it exposed Russia as a backwards state in comparing with the remainder of Europe. The emancipation of the helot resulted in a decreased political function for the aristocracy at a local degree taking to the creative activity of zemstva intending members of local authorities now had to be elected. On the other manus, Richard pipes argues that the October revolution was ‘disguised ‘[ 30 ]as a ‘offensive action behind a fume screen of defense mechanisms ‘[ 31 ], as ‘all hopes for a peaceable development of the Russian revolution ‘[ 32 ]had ‘disappeared without a hint ‘[ 33 ]significance that the move from autarchy to communist absolutism was non a smooth one nevertheless, it could be viewed that this event was important in bettering Russia and the lives of its people because it brought the Bolsheviks into power and remarkably for Russia ‘food was plentiful and it showed in the rose-colored cheeks of the metropolis ‘s abode ‘[ 34 ]. The debut of Lenin and the Bolshevik party was besides important in the context of 1853-1953 in bettering Russia and the lives of the Russian people because after a series of revolutions and turbulence in Russia the Bolsheviks took control in October 1917. The significance of this was t hat it introduced alterations that where much needed in Russia through the debut of war communism which was introduced to eliminate the economic jobs brought on by the civil war. This was important in bettering Russian people ‘s lives as nationalising was introduced to seek and better dearth. In add-on, Russia ‘s plummeted into civil war in 1917-21 stemmed from Russia ‘s engagement in the First World War and the revolution in Russia that twelvemonth as Orlando Figes argues that it was simply ‘two work forces at the caput of a motion ‘[ 35 ]that could ‘not halt themselves from junior-grade quibbling ‘[ 36 ]. Many historiographers believe that it was Kerensky ‘s Petrograd offense that leads to its eruption. The consequence this had on Russia was that it humiliated the Bolshevik party and the repute of the Russian ground forces every bit weak as they lost to an ground forces considered to be far more inferior. It brought about a new manner of governing to Russia and brought to linins attending that there was much needed methodicalness, trust, chumminess and trueness. This was demonstrated in the militaristic attack to authorities such as the debut of war communism doing divisions among the party and a move off from freer being used a s a method of control. The pact of Brest Litovsk introduced in 1918 was important in bettering Russia and the lives of the Russian people because it was a measure towards peace with the remainder of Europe which Lenin enthusiastically signed after he sourly negotiated the footings with the Bolshevik members due to a deficiency of a German opposite number being described as an ‘organisational catastrophe ‘[ 37 ]. This was besides a important foreign policy because Russia urgently needed to avoid war as the economical deductions would be excessively sedate. On the other manus, the short term effects of the pact left the Russian people experiencing cheated as the dialogues left Russia without Riga, Lithuania, Livonia, Estonia and portion of White Russia missing from its immense imperium. Which was of ‘great economic importance ‘[ 38 ]as it was ‘some of the most fertile farming country in western Russia ‘[ 39 ]. Robert service argues ‘the left socialist revolutionists to accept the separate peace pushed under the olfactory organs of the cardinal powers ‘[ 40 ]. Proposing that the pact had a important impact on Russia negatively nevertheless some historian argues that it was used to ‘buy clip ‘[ 41 ]instead than complete peace. The pact of Brest Lidos was a consequence of Russia ‘s failure in the First World War and was thought to ‘cripple Russia economically ‘[ 42 ]every bit good as the heavy decease rate brought on by this ‘military distaster ‘[ 43 ]triping the move from autarchy to communism. This event was non important in bettering the lives of the Russian people because ‘moral was highly hapless ‘[ 44 ]. Some historiographers blamed the failure of the war due to the deficiency of administration within the state and struggle between the czar and authorities which resulted in ‘poor and fickle nutrient supplies ‘[ 45 ]every bit good as a military dislocation in the production and distribution of arms. This was antagonised by the rail workers work stoppage in Petrograd in 1916. On the other manus some historiographers argue that it was the Nazi Soviet treaty that was the most important for foreign policy in bettering Russia and the lives of the Russian people because discolorations concern over Germany occupying the Russian Soviet lead him to subscribe the ‘anti fascist ‘[ 46 ]confederation. This was used in order to seek and unite Europe hoping to forestall an invasion that Russia was non willing to fix for. This had a positive consequence on Russia as it well improved Russia ‘s relationship with the remainder of Europe and improved Europe position of Russia as it was the first clip that Russia was recognised as an indispensable portion of other states foreign policy. However the Crimean war 1853-6 showed the Russian military during the war coupled with the judicial admissions of the pact of Paris led to public treatment about the hereafter of the Russian imperium. A important figure of Russians, particularly those know as Slavophil questioned how great Russia truly was. Many historiographers argue that it damaged Russia ‘s repute as a universe power. Following the Crimean war a tough pact was imposed o Russia as Russia had to give up its claims to move as the defender of the princedoms. And Russia had to hold to hank a significant ball of Bessarabia to mol prima donna. Most significantly Russia was prohibited from keeping a fleet in the black sea and had to take all naval munitions along the black sea seashore line. This was important diminishing Russia ‘s repute and humiliated them globally. The Russo Turkish war lead to the pact of san Stefano between Russia and Meleagris gallopavo giving south Bessarabia lost in the Crimean war and doing significant territorial additions in the Caucasus and coercing Russia to pay a war insurance. Although this pact was good to Russia in comparing with many of its pacts this was short lived as the conditions offended Austria hungry and Britain taking to Russia organizing a peace conference in beryline with German Chancellor of the Exchequer Bismarck. As the New York Times declared that ‘there is no uncertainty that, like the lickings and losingss of the Crimean war, this great catastrophe will bring forth an first-class consequence ‘[ 47 ]. The debut of war communism was non the most of import economic reform in this period. The reform was introduced by Lenin in order to ‘combat the economic jobs brought on by the civil war ‘[ 48 ]nevertheless it was frequently described as a catastrophe because in all countries, the economic strength of Russia fell below the 1914 degree ‘[ 49 ]. War communism brought about the nationalization of land which seting all land under province control and doing private ownership really limited going an extension of the edict on land get rid ofing all private ownership without compensation as a consequence of communist political orientation. This event did non better the lives of the Russian people because as the provincials learnt that the excess nutrient that they grew would be taken off by the province with no compensation they began to merely turn plenty nutrient to feed themselves, doing a quickly turning rate of dearth, malnutrition and disease in urban countries of Rus sia. Efficaciously taking away the freedom which was introduced thought the emancipation of the helot in 1861. On the other manus there was some betterment under Lenin ‘s regulation as Edward Carr believed ‘the NEP was basically unstable and the demands f the modern economic system made some province planning necessary ‘[ 50 ]. However, Robert Tucker supports the position that ‘the NEP could hold been compatible with long-run economic development without the disruption caused by Stalin ‘[ 51 ]. The alterations to Russia ‘s economic system under the regulation of Lenin were introduced through the nationalization of land and industry. Pressures from the war forced the Bolshevik authorities to turn to war communism when structuring the states economic system. Some historiographers would see Lenin ‘s debut of ‘the NEP as a contradiction of his earlier aspirations ‘[ 52 ]. There chief purposes were to redistribute wealth among Russians and to provide nutrient to the towns and ground forcess. This proved harsh on the Russian people as there was a rigorous work subject and provincials being forced to give up nutrient to the authorities or being forced to confront the fire squad. This shows how the period of 1917-21 was non the most important in bettering the lives of the Russian people in the short term because ‘over 7 million people died through withstanding the authorities ‘[ 53 ]in different ways such as: provincials declining to give up thei r nutrient ensuing in them being murdered, nutrient deficits taking to famine ensuing in people ensuing to cannibalism as a beginning of endurance. This had small long term effects because it was ever intended as a impermanent solution. The economic stance of Russia is described by toilet Laver as the cardinal index of continuity and alteration. As under the tsarist regulation it had a provincial based economic system which john laver argues as ‘technologically backwards ‘[ 54 ]. This suggests that the period under the opinion of the czar was non important for bettering Russia as a state and the Russian people as a deficiency of construction to the economic system of Russia means the self-generated debut of revenue enhancements and a deficient excess of money. Meaning that this backwards construction to the economic system did small for Russia ‘s repute in being seen as one of Europe ‘s major powers. The authorities had as immense disputing turn toing the harm to the industrial and rural substructure. Much physical harm was caused by both German barrage and entire ‘s adust Earth policy. The Sovietss reconstruction revolved round the 4th five twelvemonth program enchantress was aimed at palling to acquire the Soviet economic system back to growing degrees achieved before the war. One of the steps that Stalin introduced was his 5 twelvemonth programs which were a set of marks that had to be met at the terminal of a five twelvemonth period. Some historiographers argue that this was important in bettering Russia and the lives of the Russian people as it ‘provided a base for farther economic development ‘[ 55 ]this suggests that the debut of five twelvemonth programs was important in bettering some countries of Russia but non others as there was ‘a major diminution in agricultural end product ‘[ 56 ]. On the other manus this event was non important in bet tering the lives of the Russian people because ‘the Russian provincials gained little from what modernization at that place was ‘[ 57 ]as they were radically effected by this dictators ambitious programs. Due to the ‘great economic, societal and human disruption ‘[ 58 ]. In the long term these programs where non successful in bettering Russia and the lives of the Russian people because of its rough top-down theoretical account of the economic system and the fact that it was inflexible, inefficient and inaugural through the usage of rough marks. At the start of the clip period 1853 the economic system of Russia was mostly peasant based with low degrees of productiveness. This was chiefly due to the ‘inflexible societal construction ‘[ 59 ]and the ‘lack of investing into bettering its industry ‘[ 60 ]. The productiveness and deficiency of industrialization was non ‘aided by Russia ‘s geographical location ‘[ 61 ]. Under the regulation of the tsarist monarchy and Lenin little changed in footings of its industrial art. However, with Stalin ‘s rein has been described as a turning point for Russia ‘s economic system and in footings of being seen as a major power within Europe. In decision, the grounds suggests that although the period of 1917 to 1921 is a period of considerable alteration it is clear that the lives of the Russian people improved somewhat. But the most considerable betterment to Russia as a state was under Stalin ‘s regulation as it ensured Russia was seen as a major European power through the betterments to it ‘s conveyance system within the state and to the manner it exported goods besides through to immense rise in productiveness due to the infamously cruel to the people ; five twelvemonth programs.

Animal Farm Allegory – Revolution and Dystopia

Eric Blair, known by his pen name George Orwell, was an Englishman whose writings attacked political and social oppression. One of his best-known works, Animal Farm, was written in 1945 and is a satire on abusive political power and an allegory of Russian history. George Orwell’s life experiences influenced Animal Farm; as a student, he was discriminated against, and as an adult he was often impoverished and rebelled against social and economic oppression. Napoleon, a huge Berkshire boar who becomes the dictator of Animal Farm, exhibits many of the traits of Stalin and other dictators as he constantly manipulates thought and belief, sets up a scapegoat, and proves his power by making others suffer. Napoleon uses his agent Squealer to manipulate thought and belief about he happenings on the farm just as Stalin used the communist newspaper, Pravda. Throughout the course of the novel, the animals all work on the windmill, the main project of the farm. At the very start, Napoleon had been opposed to the idea of the windmill, but through Squealer makes all the other animals believe â€Å"that [he] had never in reality been opposed to the windmill† (Orwell 71). Napoleon is probably opposed to the idea of the windmill because it was Snowball’s idea first. After Snowball was expelled, Napoleon takes the idea as his own so he can have the credit if it succeeds, and if it doesn’t then he can blame Snowball. Joseph Stalin did much of the same idea in that if anything worked, it was his idea and if it failed, he quickly found a scapegoat. Napoleon also uses Squealer to spread propaganda about his false feelings for the animals. He has Squealer give long speeches in which he â€Å"would talk with the tears rolling down his cheeks of Napoleon’s wisdom, the goodness of his heart, and the deep love he bore to all animals everywhere, even and especially the unhappy animals who still lived in ignorance and slavery on other farms† (Orwell 100). Napoleon obviously doesn’t care much for the animals on the farm just as Stalin and other dictators don’t really care about the well being of the people that they rule. Napoleon, like Stalin and other dictators, uses propaganda to maintain control over the people, and keep himself in power. Just as Stalin sets up Trotsky as his scapegoat for things that go wrong, Napoleon makes Snowball his scapegoat throughout the novel so Napoleon never takes the blame for anything. As conditions on the farm start to deteriorate under Napoleon’s rule, Napoleon tells the animals that â€Å"[Snowball] stole the corn, he upset the milk-pails, he broke the eggs, he trampled the seedbeds, he gnawed the bark off the fruit trees† (Orwell 88). This isn’t the case, as Snowball had never done any of those things just as all scapegoats usually don’t commit any of the crimes they are accused of. Napoleon, like Stalin and other dictators, need to set up a scapegoat for poor conditions so that failures will never reflect poorly on them. As conditions on the farm grow worse and worse under Napoleon’s rule, it becomes commonplace for the animals to accept that â€Å"Whenever anything went wrong it became usual to attribute it to Snowball† (Orwell 88). A big enough lie has been told about Snowball so often, that all the animals just automatically believe that all the problems on the farm are Snowball’s fault. Without scapegoats to blame all their problems on, dictators would be overthrown even more quickly than they usually are. Napoleon shares another trait with other dictators in that he must prove his power by making others suffer. To help wash his hands of all of the failures of the farm, Napoleon, by intimidation, forces four pigs to confess â€Å"that they had been secretly in touch with Snowball ever since his expulsion, that they had collaborated with him in destroying the windmill, and that they had entered into an agreement with him to hand over Animal Farm to Mr. Frederick† (Orwell 92). Napoleon holds these trials of the animals and forces them to confess to things that they didn’t do just as Joseph Stalin did during the Moscow Purge Trails. The trials continue and the reasons for slaughtering become even more ridiculous as some animals are even slain for having a dream of Snowball. The awful trials continue, â€Å"until there was a pile of corpses lying before Napoleon’s feet and the air was heavy with the smell of blood, which had been unknown there since the expulsion of Jones† (Orwell 93). The society that the pigs and Napoleon created has now come to mirror the society that the animals had rebelled against at the beginning of the novel. Napoleon, like other dictators, feels that he must continually prove his power in order to keep from being overthrown. Napoleon constantly manipulates the thoughts and beliefs of the other animals, sets up Snowball as a scapegoat, and proves his power by making others suffer for his failures, similar to how Stalin and other dictators established and controlled their regimes. When those in power become corrupt, prosperous societies become dystopias controlled by the wishes and wants of those who lead. Lord Acton once said that â€Å"Power corrupts, and absolute power corrupts absolutely,† a theme that is echoed not only throughout this novel, but also throughout history.

Architecture Designs of the Finnish Alvar Aalto